Project management can be summarized into five key functions, applicable at every stage:

• Planning – Defining project objectives, strategies, milestones, and work breakdown structures (WBS).
• Organizing – Allocating resources, establishing project hierarchies, and assigning responsibilities.
• Staffing – Selecting and training skilled professionals to perform specialized roles.
• Directing – Leading teams, motivating personnel, and facilitating decision-making.
• Controlling – Monitoring scope, cost, and time; identifying variances; and applying corrective measures.

These five functions form the managerial backbone of construction project execution — ensuring that every activity is aligned with the overall project vision.